U sklopu predmeta engleski jezik - IS imao sam obavezu da uradim seminrski rad. Tema seminrskog rada je kao sto naslov teme nosi "Upotreba CSS / CSS3 u danjašnjim web stranicama".
Buduci da je ovo predmet engleski jezik, tema se nije radila opsirno, nego neke osnove, znaci tekst koji slijedi je bas za pocetnike. Fokus dakle nije na web dio, fokus je na sticanje vjestina govora i pisanja engleskog jezika.
1. INTRODUCTION
CSS (Eng. Cascading Style Sheets) style is the language used to describe the presentation semantics of documents (the appearance and formatting) written by markup language. Its most common application in designing of web pages written in HTML and XHTML.
CSS is primarily designed to make possible the separation of document content from its presentation, including elements such as size, color and fonts. Such separation can improve content accessibility, flexibility and control over the specification of presentation characteristics, allow sharing of the same format to multiple documents and reduce the complexity and repeating of structural content (eg, enable web design without tables).
Syntax of CSS is pretty simple and direct. It is used a set of English words to specify the names of various stylistic traits. Stylesheets of cascade style consist of a list of rules. Each rule consists of one or more selectors and of block of declaration. Each declaration consists of properties, colon (:) and values. If the block contains several declarations, they are separated by a semicolon (;). In clip 1, there is example of these rules:
2. HISTORY OF CSS
As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML.
To improve web presentation capabilities, nine different style sheet languages were proposed to the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) www-style mailing list. Of the nine proposals, two were chosen as the foundation for what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets (CHSS) and Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP).
CSS specifications have historically had problems with acceptance. CSS1 specification was completed in 1996 year, but support in Web browsers was weak. Three years passed before any browser introduced full support of specifications. Internet Explorer 5.0 for Macintosh8, released in 2000. , was the first browser that fully supported CSS1. Other browsers followed the trend, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS2 specification.
Initially it was difficult for developers to show what they want with CSS. They experimented and revealed a complex technique to circumvent incompatibilities in Web browsers. This lasted till 2006. Then most of the problems already had documented solutions. Usual bugs of browsers had numerous detours. But more recently things have changed. Browsers started to update frequently introducing new possibilities. Web has become more dynamic. User interaction with Web sites increased. Today, the trend is moving classical client desktop applications on the Internet for their performance in web browsers. Such a development of the Web has caused the need for new high dynamic features of CSS, and opened the way to the latest specification - CSS3.
2. CSS SYNTAX AND EXAMPLES
CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.
A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.
A CSS rule contains two parts: a selector and a declaration.
Here is the result of using this css (EXAMPLE 1):
We can see in the browser that the font size is 9px and the font is „Arial“.
In this example we can see that CSS has a simple syntax and it is user friendly.
Example 2 using CSS in web pages:
Here is the code behind of CSS class which is applied on body selector:
The result looks:
Now we can see, we have 5 properties. We have set the background color to blue, the font size is 9px and it use „Arial“ font. It the same thig like int he first example, expet we have add backgroun color blue.
4. THE NEED FOR A STANDARD CSS3
Unlike CSS1 and CSS2 specifications that are long and cumbersome documents, CSS3 is serial of modules designed to be implemented separately and reciprocally independent. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) explains how easier and more efficient is to update individual parts specifications separately, than to update a single monolithic specification.
This segmentation enabled to parts of specifications to progress faster (or slower) compared to the other and encouraged web browsers to implement the parts that progressed before the CSS3 specification as whole can be considered as completed. For web developers actual profit is that with the experimentation and quicker publishing cycles comes the possibility of using many CSS3 features before they become recommended candidates (Eng. Candidate Recommendations).
It is possible to use CSS3 today or in the time of writing this paper. In essence, it is not needed to change the working habits of using CSS to accommodate the new standard. However, it is important to distinguish the level of where to use CSS3, and where not.
It is common now in the development of Web content to use HTML and CSS for layout and page layout, leaving most of the interaction effects (animations, feedback, movement) to the technologies such as Flash, JavaScript and Silverlight. But with CSS3 properties it is possible somewise to replace these technologies.
Areas such as branding , usability, availability and schedule are crucial to the success of any web site. Therefore, the use of technology that is not fully supported in all browsers iss a risky move.
For example, in the CSS3 specification, there are several drafts for control of schedule -something that is essential for all Web designers.
For design of layout of web pages for years is used the property float.
There is unquestionable need for better ways of positioning page elements. Certainly, potential solution is in CSS 3, but two of the three new CSS3 module arrangement are not yet implemented in any browser. Still evolving, relatively obscure, and probably not even required solution. For something important as the arrangement of page elements, CSS3 is simply not the right tool for now.
On the other hand, non-critical events such as interaction and visual enhancements as a result of these interaction (along with animations). It is far less crucial to preserve the same experience of these events in all browsers so it is a perfect opportunity here to use parts of CSS3 features for browsers that support them.
5. FEATURES OF CSS3
Large parts of CSS3 specifications have not yet been implemented in any browser. But the amount of implemented features is enough to use CSS3 yet. An overview of the most important CSS3 properties implemented in most popular web browsers.
BORDER-RADIUS
It rounds the corners of the element with the specified value-radius of curvature. Before The implementation of features, rounded corners were drawn in graphic tools, and added to Web sites as images.
TEXT-SHADOW
Property from the CSS2 specification which was abandoned in the CSS2.1 specification, and then introduced in CSS3. It adds a shadow to text, with options of direction (horizontal and vertical), amount of turbidity (dispersion) and colored shadows.
BOX-SHADOW
Adds a shadow to page element. It has the same syntax as text-shadow, with optional adding options inset which adds a shadow on the inside edge of the element, instead of the outside.
MULTIPLE BACKGROUNDS
CSS3 introduces the ability to define multiple background images element, unlike CSS 2.1 allowing only one.
OPACITY
Defines the transparency of element page. A value of 1 means complete opacity and complete 0 transparency.
PS: Ako neko od kolega konkretno ima pitanja vezane za CSS, asp.net WEB FORMS ili WINDOWS FORMS, nek mi se javi na PM ili ovdje na temi.
LP
Buduci da je ovo predmet engleski jezik, tema se nije radila opsirno, nego neke osnove, znaci tekst koji slijedi je bas za pocetnike. Fokus dakle nije na web dio, fokus je na sticanje vjestina govora i pisanja engleskog jezika.
1. INTRODUCTION
CSS (Eng. Cascading Style Sheets) style is the language used to describe the presentation semantics of documents (the appearance and formatting) written by markup language. Its most common application in designing of web pages written in HTML and XHTML.
CSS is primarily designed to make possible the separation of document content from its presentation, including elements such as size, color and fonts. Such separation can improve content accessibility, flexibility and control over the specification of presentation characteristics, allow sharing of the same format to multiple documents and reduce the complexity and repeating of structural content (eg, enable web design without tables).
Syntax of CSS is pretty simple and direct. It is used a set of English words to specify the names of various stylistic traits. Stylesheets of cascade style consist of a list of rules. Each rule consists of one or more selectors and of block of declaration. Each declaration consists of properties, colon (:) and values. If the block contains several declarations, they are separated by a semicolon (;). In clip 1, there is example of these rules:
2. HISTORY OF CSS
As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML.
To improve web presentation capabilities, nine different style sheet languages were proposed to the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) www-style mailing list. Of the nine proposals, two were chosen as the foundation for what became CSS: Cascading HTML Style Sheets (CHSS) and Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP).
CSS specifications have historically had problems with acceptance. CSS1 specification was completed in 1996 year, but support in Web browsers was weak. Three years passed before any browser introduced full support of specifications. Internet Explorer 5.0 for Macintosh8, released in 2000. , was the first browser that fully supported CSS1. Other browsers followed the trend, and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS2 specification.
Initially it was difficult for developers to show what they want with CSS. They experimented and revealed a complex technique to circumvent incompatibilities in Web browsers. This lasted till 2006. Then most of the problems already had documented solutions. Usual bugs of browsers had numerous detours. But more recently things have changed. Browsers started to update frequently introducing new possibilities. Web has become more dynamic. User interaction with Web sites increased. Today, the trend is moving classical client desktop applications on the Internet for their performance in web browsers. Such a development of the Web has caused the need for new high dynamic features of CSS, and opened the way to the latest specification - CSS3.
2. CSS SYNTAX AND EXAMPLES
CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties.
A style sheet consists of a list of rules. Each rule or rule-set consists of one or more selectors, and a declaration block.
A CSS rule contains two parts: a selector and a declaration.
Here is the result of using this css (EXAMPLE 1):
We can see in the browser that the font size is 9px and the font is „Arial“.
In this example we can see that CSS has a simple syntax and it is user friendly.
Example 2 using CSS in web pages:
Here is the code behind of CSS class which is applied on body selector:
The result looks:
Now we can see, we have 5 properties. We have set the background color to blue, the font size is 9px and it use „Arial“ font. It the same thig like int he first example, expet we have add backgroun color blue.
4. THE NEED FOR A STANDARD CSS3
Unlike CSS1 and CSS2 specifications that are long and cumbersome documents, CSS3 is serial of modules designed to be implemented separately and reciprocally independent. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) explains how easier and more efficient is to update individual parts specifications separately, than to update a single monolithic specification.
This segmentation enabled to parts of specifications to progress faster (or slower) compared to the other and encouraged web browsers to implement the parts that progressed before the CSS3 specification as whole can be considered as completed. For web developers actual profit is that with the experimentation and quicker publishing cycles comes the possibility of using many CSS3 features before they become recommended candidates (Eng. Candidate Recommendations).
It is possible to use CSS3 today or in the time of writing this paper. In essence, it is not needed to change the working habits of using CSS to accommodate the new standard. However, it is important to distinguish the level of where to use CSS3, and where not.
It is common now in the development of Web content to use HTML and CSS for layout and page layout, leaving most of the interaction effects (animations, feedback, movement) to the technologies such as Flash, JavaScript and Silverlight. But with CSS3 properties it is possible somewise to replace these technologies.
Areas such as branding , usability, availability and schedule are crucial to the success of any web site. Therefore, the use of technology that is not fully supported in all browsers iss a risky move.
For example, in the CSS3 specification, there are several drafts for control of schedule -something that is essential for all Web designers.
For design of layout of web pages for years is used the property float.
There is unquestionable need for better ways of positioning page elements. Certainly, potential solution is in CSS 3, but two of the three new CSS3 module arrangement are not yet implemented in any browser. Still evolving, relatively obscure, and probably not even required solution. For something important as the arrangement of page elements, CSS3 is simply not the right tool for now.
On the other hand, non-critical events such as interaction and visual enhancements as a result of these interaction (along with animations). It is far less crucial to preserve the same experience of these events in all browsers so it is a perfect opportunity here to use parts of CSS3 features for browsers that support them.
5. FEATURES OF CSS3
Large parts of CSS3 specifications have not yet been implemented in any browser. But the amount of implemented features is enough to use CSS3 yet. An overview of the most important CSS3 properties implemented in most popular web browsers.
BORDER-RADIUS
It rounds the corners of the element with the specified value-radius of curvature. Before The implementation of features, rounded corners were drawn in graphic tools, and added to Web sites as images.
TEXT-SHADOW
Property from the CSS2 specification which was abandoned in the CSS2.1 specification, and then introduced in CSS3. It adds a shadow to text, with options of direction (horizontal and vertical), amount of turbidity (dispersion) and colored shadows.
BOX-SHADOW
Adds a shadow to page element. It has the same syntax as text-shadow, with optional adding options inset which adds a shadow on the inside edge of the element, instead of the outside.
MULTIPLE BACKGROUNDS
CSS3 introduces the ability to define multiple background images element, unlike CSS 2.1 allowing only one.
OPACITY
Defines the transparency of element page. A value of 1 means complete opacity and complete 0 transparency.
PS: Ako neko od kolega konkretno ima pitanja vezane za CSS, asp.net WEB FORMS ili WINDOWS FORMS, nek mi se javi na PM ili ovdje na temi.
LP
