Frederick Winslow Taylor, ME, Sc.D. (ožujak 20, 1856 - Ožujak 21, 1915), nadaleko poznati kao FW Taylor, bio je jedan američki Mehaničar koji nastoji poboljšati učinkovitost industrijski. Taylor is regarded as the father of scientific management and as one of the first management consultants [1] . Taylor smatra ocem znanstvene upravljanje i kao jedan od prvih poslovnih savjetnika [1]. He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era . On je bio jedan od lidera intelektualne efikasnosti pokreta i njegova ideja, široko zamišljen, bili su vrlo utjecajni u Progressive doba.
In Peter Drucker 's description "Frederick W. Taylor was the first man in recorded history who deemed work deserving of systematic observation and study. On Taylor's 'scientific management' rests, above all, the tremendous surge of affluence in the last seventy-five years which has lifted the working masses in the developed countries well above any level recorded before, even for the well-to-do. Taylor, though the Isaac Newton (or perhaps the Archimedes) of the science of work, laid only first foundations, however. Not much has been added to them since - even though he has been dead all of sixty years." U Peter Drucker 's opisom "Frederick W. Taylor bio je prvi čovjek u povijesti koji smatra evidentirani rad deserving of sustavno promatranje i studija. Na Taylor's' znanstveno upravljanje' počiva, prije svega, strašan surge of priliv u posljednjih sedamdeset pet godine koje je ukinulo je radno masa u razvijenim zemljama i iznad bilo kojoj razini zabilje prije, čak i za dobro-to-učiniti. Taylor, iako je Isaac Newton (ili možda Archimedes), znanost o radu, položi samo prvi zaklade, no. Nije mnogo je dodao da se od njih - iako je mrtav sve šezdeset godina. " (Drucker 1974: 181) (Drucker 1974: 181)
Taylor was also an accomplished tennis player. Taylor je bio također jedan tenisač ostvario. He won the first doubles tournament in the 1881 US National Championships (later called the US Open), [2] with Clarence Clark . On je osvojio prvi turnir u dubl 1881 US National Championships (kasnije naziva US Open), [2] s Clarence Clark.
Contents Sadržaj
[hide]
* 1 Life 1 Život
* 2 Managers and workers 2 menadžera i radnika
* 3 Propaganda techniques 3 Propaganda tehnika
* 4 Management theory 4 Management theory
* 5 Relations with ASME 5 za odnose s ASME
* 6 Taylor's influence 6 Taylor's utjecaj
o 6.1 United States 6,1 United States
o 6.2 France 6,2 France
o 6.3 Switzerland 6,3 Švicarska
o 6.4 USSR 6,4 SSSR
* 7 Articles 7 Articles
* 8 Footnotes 8 Bilješke
* 9 References 9 Reference
* 10 External links 10 External links
[ edit ] Life [Uredi] Život
Taylor was born in 1856 to a wealthy Quaker family in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA. Taylor je rođen 1856 na ***ate protestant obitelji u Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Taylor's ancestor, Samuel Taylor, settled in Burlington, NJ, in 1677. Taylor's predak, Samuel Taylor, uređena u Burlington, NJ, u 1677. Taylor's father, Franklin Taylor, a Princeton educated lawyer, built his wealth on mortgages [3] . Taylor oca, Franklin Taylor, Princeton obrazovani pravnik, njegova ***atstva na sagradio hipoteka [3]. Taylor's mother, Emily Annette (Winslow) Taylor was an ardent abolitionist and a coworker with Lucretia Mott . Taylor majke, Emily Annette (Winslow) Taylor bio je strastan abolitionist a coworker s Lucretia Mott. Educated early by his mother, Taylor studied for two years in France and Germany and traveled Europe for eighteen months [4] . Obrazovani rano po njegovu majku, Taylor Studirao je dvije godine u Francuskoj, Njemačkoj i Europi putovao za osamnaest mjeseci [4]. In 1872, a he entered Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire . In 1872, on je ušao Phillips Exeter Academy u Exeter, New Hampshire. Upon graduation, Taylor was accepted at Harvard Law . Nakon mature, Taylor je prihvatio at Harvard zakona. However, due to rapidly deteriorating eyesight, Taylor had to consider an alternative career. Međutim, z*** brzo pogorssava vid, Taylor je razmotriti alternativnu karijeru. After the depression of 1873 , Taylor became an industrial apprentice patternmaker, gaining shop-floor experience at a pump-manufacturing company Enterprise Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia. Nakon depresije, 1873, Taylor je postao jedan učenik industrijska patternmaker, dobivanjem shop-floor iskustvo na pumpa-proizvodnih tvrtki Enterprise vodoprivredni radovi, Philadelphia. Taylor's career progressed in 1878 when he became a machine shop laborer at Midvale Steel Works . Taylor je karijera napredovala u 1878 kada je postao stroj shop radnik na Midvale Steel Works. Taylor was promoted to gang-boss, foreman, research director, and finally, chief engineer at Midvale. Taylor je unapređen u smjena-Boss, nadzornik, direktor istraživanja, i konačno, glavari inženjer u Midvale. Taylor took night study at Stevens Institute of Technology and in 1883 obtained a degree in Mechanical Engineering through a highly unusual, for the time, series of correspondence courses (Kanigel 1997:182-183,199). Taylor je noć studija u Stevens Institute of Technology u 1883 i dobiti diplomu iz strojarstva kroz vrlo neobična, za vrijeme, niz tečajeva dopisivanje (Kanigel 1997:182-183199). While at Stevens Institute of Technology, Taylor was a Brother of the Gamma Chapter of Theta Xi . Dok u Stevens Institute of Technology, Taylor bio je brat i Gamma Glava od Theta XI. On May 3, 1884, he married Louise M. Spooner of Philadelphia. Na Svibanj 3, 1884, on je oženjen Louise M. Spooner od Philadelphia. From 1890 until 1893 Taylor worked as a general manager and a consulting engineer to management for Manufacturing Investment Company, Philadelphia, a company that operated large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin. Od 1890 do 1893 Taylor radio je kao generalni direktor i savjetodavni inženjer za upravljanje za proizvodnju Investicijski Company, Philadelphia, kompanija koje su radile velike papira u Maine i Wisconsin. In 1893, Taylor opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. In 1893, Taylor otvorena nezavisne konzultantske prakse u Philadelphiji. His business card read "Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". Njegov poslovne kartice pročitajte "Systematizing Shop Management i proizvodnja Troškovi specijalitet". In 1898, Taylor joined Bethlehem Steel , where he, Maunsel White, and a team of assistants developed high speed steel . In 1898, Taylor pridružila Betlehem Steel, gdje je, Maunsel White, i tim asistenta razvili velikom brzinom čelika. For his process of treating high speed tool steels he received a personal gold medal at the Paris exposition in 1900, and was awarded the Elliott Cresson gold medal that same year by the Franklin Institute , Philadelphia. Za njegov proces liječenja high speed alat čelika on osobno primio zlatnu medalju na izlaganje u Parizu 1900, te je nagrađen za Elliott Cresson zlatnu medalju iste godine koje je Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Taylor was forced to leave Bethlehem Steel in 1901 after antagonisms with other managers. Taylor je prisiljeno napustiti Betlehem Steel u 1901 nakon antagonisms s drugim upraviteljima. In 1901, Frederick and Louis Taylor adopted three orphans Kempton, Robert and Elizabeth. In 1901, Frederick i Louis Taylor usvojila tri siročad Kempton, Robert i Elizabeta. On October 19, 1906, Taylor was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Pennsylvania [5] . Dana 19 listopada 1906, Taylor je dodijelio počasni jedan stupanj doktora znanosti od strane University of Pennsylvania [5]. Taylor eventually became a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College [6] . Taylor konačno je postao profesor na zamotati School of Business to Albertinovac College [6]. Late winter of 1915 Taylor caught pneumonia and one day after his fifty-ninth birthday, on March 21, he died. Kasnu zimu od 1915 Taylor uhvaćen upala pluća i jedan dan nakon pedeset i deveti rođendan, na 21 Ožujak, on je umro.
Taylor's most notable publications: Taylor je najviše ističe publikacija:
1. "Notes on Belting" (1894) "Bilješke o Belting" (1894)
2. "A Piece-rate System" (1895) "Komad-rate System" (1895)
3. "Shop Management" (1903) "Shop Management" (1903)
4. "On the Art of Cutting Metals" (1906) "Na Art of rezanje metala" (1906)
5. "Principles of Scientific Management (1911) "Principi Scientific Management (1911)
Taylor authored 42 patents [7] . Taylor authored 42 patenata [7].
Taylor believed that the industrial management of his day was amateurish, that management could be formulated as an academic discipline, and that the best results would come from the partnership between a trained and qualified management and a cooperative and innovative workforce. Taylor vjeruje da je industrijsko upravljanje njegov dan je a*****ski, da bi se mogla formulirati upravljanje kao akademska disciplina, i da bi najbolje rezultate dolaze iz partnerstva između trenirao i osposobljen za upravljanje i suradnje i inovativne radne snage. Each side needed the other, and there was no need for trade unions . Svaka strana je potreban da bi se s druge strane, i nije bilo potrebe za sindikate.
Future US Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis coined the term scientific management in the course of his argument for the Eastern Rate Case before the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1910. Budućnost SAD Vrhovni sud pravde Louis Brandeis skovao pojam znanstvene upravljanje u toku njegov argument za Istočne Ocijenite Case pred Interstate Commerce komisije u 1910. Brandeis debated that railroads, when governed according to the principles of Taylor, did not need to raise rates to increase wages. Brandeis raspravljalo da Railroads, kada se ravnaju prema principima Taylor, nije potrebno da se podići stope na povećanje plaće. Taylor used Brandeis's term in the title of his monograph The Principles of Scientific Management , published in 1911. Taylor koristi Brandeis je izraz u naslovu njegova monografija principima Scientific Management, objavljen u 1911. Eastern Rate Case propelled Taylor's ideas forefront of the management agenda. Istočna Ocijenite Case tjera Taylor's ideje čelu upravljanje dnevnom redu. Taylor wrote to Brandeis "I have rarely seen a new movement started with such great momentum as you have given this one." Taylor je napisao da Brandeis "Ja sam rijetko vidio novi pokret počeo s takvim velika količina gibanja kao što ste dali ovom jednom." Taylor's approach is also often referred to, as Taylor's Principles , or frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism . Taylor je pristup također je često nazivana, kao Taylor's načela, ili često disparagingly, kao Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management consisted of four principles: Taylor je znanstveno upravljanje se sastoji od četiri načela:
1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. Zamijeni pravilo-of-thumb metode rada sa metodama na temelju znanstvene studije i zadatke.
2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. Znanstveno odabrati, trenirati, razvijati i svaki zaposlenik nego pasivno ostavljajući im da sami sebe trenirati.
3. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250). Napišite "Detaljni pouku i nadzor nad svaki radnik u izvođenju da radnik je diskretna zadatak" (Montgomery 1997: 250).
4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks Podela rada gotovo jednako između menadžera i radnika, tako da su menadžeri znanstveno upravljanje primjenjuju načela da planiranje rada i radnika u stvari obavljati poslove
[ edit ] Managers and workers [Uredi] menadžera i radnika
Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system: Taylor je imao vrlo precizne ideje o tome kako upoznati njegov sustav:
"It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone." "To je samo kroz provodi standardizaciju metode, provodi usvajanje najbolje implementira i uvjetima rada, provodi suradnju i da je to brži rad mogu biti sigurni. Dužnost provedbu usvajanje standarda i provedbu ovog suradnji s Upravljanje počiva na miru." (Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management , cited by Montgomery 1989:229, italics with Taylor) (Taylor, Principi Scientific Management, citira Montgomery 1989:229, kurziv s Taylor)
Workers were supposed to be incapable of understanding what they were doing. Radnici su trebali biti nesposobnim za razumijevanje što su događaj. According to Taylor this was true even for rather simple tasks. Prema Taylor je to istinito čak i za vrlo jednostavne zadatke.
"'I can say, without the slightest hesitation,' Taylor told a congressional committee, 'that the science of handling pig-iron is so great that the man who is ... physically able to handle pig-iron and is sufficiently phlegmatic and stupid to choose this for his occupation is rarely able to comprehend the science of handling pig-iron." "" Ne mogu reći, bez oklijevanja najmanji, 'Taylor rekao je na kongresnom odboru,' da je znanost o rukovanju pig-iron je tako velik da je čovjek koji je ... fizički u mogućnosti da obrađuju sirovo željezo i dovoljno je flegmatičan i glupo da odaberete ovu za njegovo zanimanje je rijetko mogla shvatiti i znanosti o rukovanju sirovo željezo. " (Montgomery 1989:251) (Montgomery 1989:251)
The introduction of his system was often resented by workers and provoked numerous strikes. Uvođenje sustava njegova je često resented by radnika i izazvali brojne udara. The strike at Watertown Arsenal led to the congressional investigation in 1912 . Z*** štrajka u Watertown Arsenal je dovela do kongresnom istragom u 1912.
[ edit ] Propaganda techniques [Uredi] Propaganda tehnika
Taylor promised to reconcile labor and capital. Taylor je obećao da pomirite rada i kapitala. "With the triumph of scientific management, unions would have nothing left to do, and they would have been cleansed of their most evil feature: the restriction of output." "S trijumf znanstveno upravljanje, sindikati bi se ništa ne ostavi učiniti, i oni bi se očisti od njihove najviše zla osobina: ograničenje izlaz." To underscore this idea, Taylor fashioned the myth that 'there has never been a strike of men working under scientific management', trying to give it credibility by constant repetition. Za podvlačenje ovu ideju, Taylor fashioned je mit da 'tamo nikada nije bila štrajk od ljudi koji rade u znanstveno upravljanje', pokušavate dati vjerodostojnost by stalna ponavljanja. In similar fashion he incessantly linked his proposals to shorter hours of work, without bothering to produce evidence of "Taylorized" firms that reduced working hours, and he revised his famous tale of Schmidt carrying pig iron at Bethlehem Steel at least three times, obscuring some aspects of his study and stressing others, so that each successive version made Schmidt's exertions more impressive, more voluntary and more rewarding to him than the last. Na sličan način je povezan incessantly njegov prijedlog da se kraći radni sati, bez bothering za izradu dokaza "Taylorized" firmi koja reducirana radno vrijeme, i on je revidiran svojoj slavnoj priči o Schmidt nošenje sirovo željezo i čelik Betlehem najmanje tri puta, zamagle neke aspekti njegova studija, ističući i druge, tako da se svaka uzastopna verzija napravio Schmidt's exertions više impresivan, dobrovoljni više i više rewarding da ga od prošle. Unlike [Harrington] Emerson , Taylor was not a charlatan, but his ideological message required the suppression of all evidence of worker's dissent, of coercion, or of any human motives or aspirations other than those his vision of progress could encompass." (Montgomery 1989:254) [8] Za razliku od [Harrington] Emerson, Taylor nije bio vrač, ali njegove ideološke poruke potreban je supresija svih dokaza o radnik je neslaganja, od prisile, ili bilo koje ljudske aspiracije ili motiva, osim onih njegova vizija napretka mogao obuhvatiti. "(Montgomery 1989 : 254) [8]
[ edit ] Management theory [Uredi] Management theory
Taylor thought that by analysing work, the "One Best Way" to do it would be found. Taylor misli da je analiziranje rada, "Jedan najbolji način", da bi ga se naći. He is most remembered for developing the time and motion study . On je većina sjeti za razvoj i gibanje vrijeme studija. He would break a job into its component parts and measure each to the hundredth of a minute. On će slomiti posao u njen sastavni dijelovi i mjera svaki na stotine od jedne minute. One of his most famous studies involved shovels. Jedan od njegovih najpoznatijih studija koji su uključeni lopate. He noticed that workers used the same shovel for all *****ials. Uočio je da radnici koriste iste lopata za sve *****ijale. He determined that the most effective load was 21˝ lb, and found or designed shovels that for each *****ial would scoop up that amount. On je utvrdio da je najučinkovitiji opterećenje je 21 ˝ lb, i pronašao ili designed lopate da za svaki *****ijal bi se vaditi da iznos. He was generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied and was dismissed from Bethlehem Steel . On je uglavnom neuspješne uzimajući u njegovoj primijeni koncepte i bila je otpuštena iz Betlehema čelik. It was largely through the efforts of his disciples (most notably HL Gantt ) that industry came to implement his ideas. To je u velikoj mjeri kroz napore učenika (najviše osobito HL vremenski prikaz) koje industrija dođe implementirati njegove ideje. Nevertheless, the book he wrote after parting company with Bethlehem Steel , Shop Management , sold well.... Ipak, on je napisao knjigu nakon razdvajanje poduzeća s Betlehem Steel, Shop Management, proda dobro ....
[ edit ] Relations with ASME [Uredi] Odnosi sa ASME
Taylor was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) from 1906 to 1907. Taylor je bio predsjednik American Society of Mechanical inženjera i tehnologa (ASME) od 1906 do 1907. While president, he tried to implement his system into the management of the ASME but was met with much resistance. Dok je predsjednik, on je pokušao na njegovu implementaciju sustava u upravljanju, ASME, ali je u susret s mnogo otpora. He was only able to reorganize the publications department and then only partially. On je samo mogao preurediti u publikacijama odjel, a zatim samo djelomično. He also forced out the ASME's long-time secretary, Morris L. Cooke , and replaced him with Calvin W. Rice . On je prisilio da ASME's long-time tajnik, Morris L. Cooke, i zamijenio ga s Calvin W. Rice. His tenure as president was trouble-ridden and marked the beginning of a period of internal dissension within the ASME during the Progressive Era (Jaffe 1957:34). Njegov zakupa kao predsjednik je problema voziti i označen početak period od internih nesklad unutar ASME tijekom Progressive Doba (Jaffe 1957:34).
In 1912, Taylor collected a number of his articles into a book-length manuscript which he submitted to the ASME for publication. In 1912, Taylor je prikupio nekoliko njegovih članaka u knjizi-dužina rukopisu koji je podnesen na ASME za objavljivanje. The ASME formed an ad hoc committee to review the text. ASME formirana je jedna ad hoc odbora za pregled teksta. The committee included Taylor allies such as James Mapes Dodge and Henry R. Towne . Odbor uključena Taylor saveznika kao što je James Mapes Dodge i Henry R. Towne. The committee delegated the report to the editor of the American Machinist , Leon P. Alford . Odbor delegirati izvješće u editor, American bravar, Leon P. Alford. Alford was a critic of the Taylor system and the report was negative. Alford je jedan kritičar, Taylor sustav i izvješće je negativan. The committee modified the report slightly, but accepted Alford's recommendation not to publish Taylor's book. Odbor izmijenjeni izvješće malo, ali prihvatili Alford je preporuka da ne objavite Taylor's knjigu. Taylor angrily withdrew the book and published Principles without ASME approval (Jaffe 1957:36-40; Nelson 1980:181-184)... Taylor angrily povukla knjigu i objavio Načela ASME bez odobrenja (Jaffe 1957:36-40; Nelson 1980:181-184) ...
[ edit ] Taylor's influence [Uredi] Taylor's utjecaj
[ edit ] United States [Uredi] United States
* Carl Barth helped Taylor to develop speed-and-feed-calculating slide rules to a previously unknown level of usefulness. Carl Barth Taylor pomogao da se razvije brzinu-a-feed-izračunavanje slajd pravila da prethodno nepoznati stupanj korisnost. Similar aids are still used in machine shops today. Slične pomagala su još uvijek koristi u stroju trgovine danas. Barth became an early consultant on scientific management and later taught at Harvard. Domena je postao jedan rani znanstveni savjetnik na upravljanje i kasnije učio na Harvard.
* HL Gantt developed the Gantt chart , a visual aid for scheduling tasks and displaying the flow of work. HL vremenski prikaz razvio gantogram, vizualni pomoć za zakazivanje zadataka i prikazivanje toka rada.
* Harrington Emerson introduced scientific management to the railroad industry , and proposed the dichotomy of staff versus line employees, with the former advising the latter. Harrington Emerson uvedeni znanstveni upravljanje na željezničkoj industriji, i predložene dihotomiju osoblja prema line zaposlenih, s bivše savjetovanje potonjem.
* Morris Cooke adapted scientific management to educational and municipal organizations. Morris Cooke prilagođena znanstveni menadžment za obrazovne i općinskih organizacija.
* Hugo Münsterberg created industrial psychology . Hugo Münsterberg urednik industrijske psihologije.
* Lillian Gilbreth introduced psychology to management studies. Lillian Gilbreth uvela studij psihologije na upravljanje.
* Frank Gilbreth (husband of Lillian) discovered scientific management while working in the construction industry, eventually developing motion studies independently of Taylor. Frank Gilbreth (muž Lillian) otkrio znanstveno upravljanje, dok rade u građevinarstvu, na kraju razviti motion studija neovisno od Taylor. These logically complemented Taylor's time studies, as time and motion are two sides of the efficiency improvement coin. Ti logički nadopunjuje Taylor's vrijeme studija, kao i pokretu su dvije strane na poboljšanje učinkovitosti novac. The two fields eventually became time and motion study . Dva polja na kraju postao vrijeme i gibanje studija.
* Harvard University , one of the first American universities to offer a graduate degree in business management in 1908, based its first-year curriculum on Taylor's scientific management. Harvard University, jedno od prva američka sveučilišta u ponudi diplomski stupanj u upravljanje poslovanjem u 1908, na temelju svoje prve godine plan i program na Taylor's znanstveni menadžment.
* Harlow S. Person , as dean of Dartmouth's Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, promoted the teaching of scientific management. Harlow S. Person, kao dekan, Albertinovac's Amos zamotati School of Administration and Finance, unaprijeđen je nauk znanstveno upravljanje.
* James O. McKinsey , professor of accounting at the University of Chicago and founder of the consulting firm bearing his name, advocated budgets as a means of assuring accountability and of measuring performance. James O. tvrtki McKinsey, profesor računovodstva na Sveučilištu u Chicagu i osnivač je konzalting tvrtka bearing njegovo ime, zalagao za proračun kao sredstvo za osiguravanje odgovornosti i mjerenja performansi.
[ edit ] France [Uredi] Francuska
In France , Le Chatelier translated Taylor's work and introduced scientific management throughout government owned plants during World War I . This influenced the French theorist Henri Fayol , whose 1916 Administration Industrielle et Générale emphasized organizational structure in management. U Francuskoj, Le Chatelierovo preveden Taylor je uveden znanstveni rad i upravljanje diljem vlade u vlasništvu biljke tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata. Uticala na francuski teoretičar Henri Fayol, čija je 1916 Administration industrielle et Générale naglasio je organizacijska struktura u upravljanju. In the classic General and Industrial Management Fayol wrote that "Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the "bottom up." he starts with the most elemental units of activity -- the workers' actions -- then studies the effects of their actions on productivity, devises new methods for making them more efficient, and applies what he learns at lower levels to the hierarchy...(Fayol, 1987, p. 43)." U klasičnim opću i industrijsku Management Fayol je napisao da "Taylor pristup se razlikuje od one navedene u smo da pregledava firma iz" odozdo prema gore. "On počinje s najviše počela jedinice djelatnosti - radnici 'akcijama -- zatim proučava učinke njihove akcije na produktivnost, devises novih metoda za izradu ih učinkovitije, i primjenjuje ono što je uči na nižim razinama u hijerarhiji ... (Fayol, 1987, p. 43). " He suggests that Taylor has staff analysts and advisors working with individuals at lower levels of the organization to identify the ways to improve efficiency. On sugerira da Taylor je osoblje analitičari i savjetnici koji rade s pojedincima na nižim razinama organizacije da identificiraju načine za poboljšanje učinkovitosti. According to Fayol, the approach results in a "negation of the principle of unity of command (p. 44)." Prema Fayol, pristup rezultatima u "negacije princip jedinstva naredbu (str 44)." Fayol criticized Taylor's functional management in this way. Fayol je kritikovao Taylor's funkcionalne upravljanja na taj način. “… the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, … receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses…(Fayol, 1949, p. 68.)” Those eight, Fayol said, were (1) route clerks, (2) instruction card men, (3) cost and time clerks, (4) gang bosses, (5) speed bosses, (6) inspectors, (7) repair bosses, and the (
shop disciplinarian (p. 6
. "… Najveći označena izvanjskih obilježja funkcionalne upravljanja leži u činjenici da svaki radnik, umjesto da dolaze u izravan kontakt sa upravljanja na samo jedan bod,… njegov dnevno prima naređenja i pomoć iz osam različitih gazdama… (Fayol, 1949, p . 68.) "Oni osam, Fayol, rekao je, bili su (1) ruta trgovci, (2) pouku kartice ljudi, (3) troškova i vremena trgovci, (4) banda gazdama, (5) brzina gazdama, (6) Inspektori, (7) popravak gazda, i (
shop disciplinarian (str 6
. This, he said, was an unworkable situation, and that Taylor must have somehow reconciled the dichotomy in some way not described in Taylor's works. To, kako je rekao, bila je nepodesan za rad situacija, i da Taylor mora imati na neki način pomiri dihotomiju na neki način nije opisano u Taylor djela.
[ edit ] Switzerland [Uredi] Švicarska
In Switzerland, the American Edward Albert Filene established the International Management Institute to spread information about management techniques. U Švicarskoj, American Edward Albert Filene osnovan je Međunarodni institut za upravljanje za širenje informacija o tehnikama upravljanja.
[ edit ] USSR [Uredi] SSSR
In the USSR , Lenin was very impressed by Taylorism, which he and Stalin sought to incorporate into Soviet manufacturing. U SSSR, Lenjin je bio vrlo impresioniran by Taylorism, što je i Staljin tražio da se uključi u sovjetske proizvodnje. Taylorism and the mass production methods of Henry Ford thus became highly influential during the early years of the Soviet Union. Taylorism i masovna proizvodnja metode Henry Ford postaje vrlo utjecajnih tijekom ranih godina od Sovjetskog Saveza. Nevertheless "[...] Frederick Taylor's methods have never really taken root in the Soviet Union." Ipak "[...] Frederick Taylor je metoda nikada nisu stvarno preuzet korijen u Sovjetskom Savezu. " (Atta 1986: 335). (Atta 1986: 335). The voluntaristic approach of the Stakhanovite movement in the 1930s of setting individual records was diametrically opposed to Taylor's systematic approach and proved to be counter-productive. The voluntaristic pristup od Stakhanovite pokreta u 1930s za postavljanje pojedinih zapisa je dijametralno suprotnoj Taylor's sustavnog pristupa i dokazao da se counter-productive. (Atta 1986: 331). (Atta 1986: 331). The stop-and-go of the production process - workers having nothing to do at the beginning of a month and 'storming' during illegal extra shifts at the end of the month - which prevailed even in the 1980s had nothing to do with the successfully taylorized plants eg of Toyota which are characterized by continuous production processes which are continuously improved (Head 2005: 38-59). Stop-i-ići u procesu proizvodnje - radnici imaju ništa učiniti na početku mjesec dana i "Storming 'tijekom nezakonitih dodatni pomaci na kraju mjeseca - koji su čak u 1980s je ništa za napraviti sa uspješno taylorized biljaka, npr. Toyota koja se odlikuje kontinuiranim proizvodnim procesima koji su kontinuirano improved (Šef 2005: 38-59).
"The easy availability of replacement labor, which allowed Taylor to choose only 'first-class men,' was an important condition for his system's success." "Laka dostupnost zamjeni rada, koji dopušteno Taylor odabrati samo" prve klase ljudi, 'je bitan uslov za njegov sistem uspjeha. " (Atta 1986: 329) The situation in the Soviet Union was very different. (Atta 1986: 329) je situacija u Sovjetskom Savezu bio je vrlo različit. "Because work is so unrythmic, the rational manager will hire more workers than he would need if supplies were even in order to have enough for storming. Because of the continuing labor shortage, managers are happy to pay needed workers more than the norm, either by issuing false job orders, assigning them to higher skill grades than they deserve on merit criteria, giving them 'loose' piece rates, or making what is supposed to be 'incentive' pay, premia for good work, effectively part of the normal wage. As Mary Mc Auley has suggested under these circumstances piece rates are not an incentive wage, but a way of justifying giving workers whatever they 'should' be getting, no matter what their pay is supposed to be according to the official norms." "Budući da rad je tako unrythmic, racionalno manager će unajmljivanje radnika više nego što je potrebno, ako bi bili čak i pomagala kako bi imali dovoljno za Storming. S obzirom na nastavak rada nestašica, menadžeri su sretni da je potrebno platiti radnike više od normi, bilo by false posao izdavanje naređenja, dodjeljuje im se ocjena veća vještina nego što zaslužujete na kriterije sposobnosti, dajući im 'loose' piece rates, ili čineći ono što treba da bude 'incentive' platiti, premia za dobro djelo, učinkovito dio je normalne plaće . Kao Mary Mc Auley je sugerirao pod tim okolnostima komad stope nisu poticaj plaće, ali način opravdava davanje radnika što im 'bi trebao' biti uzimajući, bez obzira što su platu treba da bude u skladu sa službenim normama. " (Atta 1986: 333) (Atta 1986: 333)
Taylor and his theories are also referenced (and put to practice) in the 1921 dystopian novel We by Yevgeny Zamyatin . Taylor i njegove teorije su i upućivanje (i staviti u praksi) u 1921 dystopian roman Mi by Yevgeny Zamyatin.
[ edit ] Articles [Uredi] Članci
Taylor's life and work was discussed in Cynthia Crossen's "Deja Vu" column [9] . Wall Street Journal . Taylor život i rad bio je objašnjeno u Cynthia Crossen "Deja vu" stupac [9]. Wall Street Journal.
[ edit ] Footnotes [Uredi] Fusnote
1. ^ Frederick Taylor, Early Century Management Consultant . The Wall Street Journal Bookshelf ( June 13 , 1997 ). ^ Frederick Taylor, početkom stoljeća Management Consultant. Wall Street Journal knjigama (lipanj 13, 1997). Retrieved on 2008 - 05-04 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-04.
2. ^ FW Taylor, Expert in Efficiency, Dies . New York Times ( March 22 , 1915 ). ^ FW Taylor, Expert u efikasnost, Dan. New York Times (ožujak 22, 1915). Retrieved on 2008 - 03-14 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 03-14.
3. ^ Mary Ellen Papesh ( February 14 , 1998 ). Frederick Winslow Taylor . ^ Mary Ellen Papesh (veljača 14, 199
. Frederick Winslow Taylor. Retrieved on 2008 - 05-04 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-04.
4. ^ Frederick Winslow Taylor: Biographic Essay ( 2003 ). ^ Frederick Winslow Taylor: biografskog eseja (2003). Retrieved on 2008 - 05-04 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-04.
5. ^ Charles Custis Harrison (1906-10-0
. Letter to Taylor . ^ Custis Charles Harrison (1906-10-0
. Pismo Taylor. Stevens Institute Archives. Stevens Institute Archives. Retrieved on 2008 - 05-05 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-05.
6. ^ Richard A. D'Aveni On Changing the Conversation: Tuck and the Field of Strategy . ^ Richard A. D'Aveni Na Promjena razgovora: zamotati i Field of Strategy. Tuck School of Business. Zamotati School of Business. Retrieved on 2007 - 11-22 . Dobavljeno na 2007 - 11-22.
7. ^ FW Taylor Collection: Patents . ^ FW Taylor Zbirka: Patenti. SC Williams Library. SC Williams Biblioteka. Retrieved on 2008 - 05-04 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-04.
8. ^ For the stories about Schmidt Montgomery refers to Charles D. Wrege and Amadeo G. Perroni, "Taylor's Pig Tale: A Historical Analysis of Frederick W. Taylor's Pig-Iron experiments" in: Academy of Management Journal , 17 (March 1974), 6-27 ^ Na priče o Schmidt Montgomery se odnosi na Charles D. Wrege i Amadeo G. Perroni, "Taylor Pig's Tale: A historical Analiza Frederick W. Taylor 's Pig-Iron eksperimente", u: Academy of Management Journal, 17 (ožujak 1974), 6-27
9. ^ Early Industry Expert Soon Realized a Staff Has Its Own Efficiency . Wall Street Journal ( November 6 , 2006 ). ^ Rano Industry Expert Ubrzo Ostvareno štapom ima svoju efikasnost. Wall Street Journal (6 studeni 2006). Retrieved on 2008 - 05-04 . Dobavljeno na 2008 - 05-04.
[ edit ] References [Uredi] Reference
* Aitken, Hugh (1960), Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal . Aitken, Hugh (1960), Taylorism na Watertown Arsenal. Scientific management in action, 1908-1915 , Harvard UPCompara Znanstveni menadžment u akciju, 1908-1915, Harvard UPCompara
* Atta , Don Van (1986), “Why Is There No Taylorism in the Soviet Union?” in: Comparative Politics , Vol. Atta, Don Van (1986), "Zašto je nema Taylorism u Sovjetskom Savezu?", U: Komparativna politika, Vol. No. 18, No. 3. 18, No 3. (Apr., 1986), pp. (Travanj, 1986), pp. 327-337
* Boddy, David (2002). Management: An Introduction , 2nd ed., New York: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-273-65518-3 . Boddy, David (2002). Management: An Introduction ", 2nd ed., New York: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-273-65518-3.
* Drucker, Peter (1974). Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices . Drucker, Peter (1974). Management: Zadaci, odgovornosti, prakse. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 1-412-80627-5 . New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 1-412-80627-5.
* Fayol, H. (1987). General and industrial management: Henri Fayol’s classic revised by Irwin Gray. Belmont, CA: David S. Lake Publishers. Fayol, H. (1987). Opću i industrijsko upravljanje: Henri Fayol je klasična revidirani by Irwin Gray. BELMONT, CA: David S. Lake Publishers.
* Head, Simon (2005), The new ruthless economy. Head, Simon (2005), The new silnika ekonomije. Work and power in the digital age , Oxford University Press, Paperback Edition Rad i snaga u digitalno doba, Oxford University Press, Paperback Edition
* Jaffe, William (1957). LP Alford and the Evolution of Modern Industrial Management. Jaffe, William (1957). LP Alford i Evolucija moderne Industrial Management. With an introduction by David B. Porter . Uz uvod by David B. Porter. New York: New York University Press. New York: New York University Press.
* Kanigel, Robert (1997). The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency . Kanigel, Robert (1997). Jedan najbolji način: Frederick Winslow Taylor i Enigma učinkovitosti. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86402-1 . New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86402-1.
* Montgomery, David (1989), The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 , Cambridge University Press, Paperback edition Montgomery, David (1989), pada doma rada: radnom mjestu, države, i American Labor Aktivizam, 1865-1925, Cambridge University Press, Paperback edition
* Nelson, Daniel (1980). Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management . Nelson, Daniel (1980). Frederick W. Taylor i Rise of Scientific Management. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-08160-5 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-08160-5.
* Nelson, Daniel (ed.) (1992). A Mental Revolution: Scientific Management Since Taylor . Nelson, Daniel (ur.) (1992). Mentalno revolucije: Scientific Management Od Taylor. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0567-4 . Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0567-4.
* Taylor, Frederick, Scientific Management (includes "Shop Management" (1903), "The Principles of Scientific Management" (1911) and "Testimony Before the Special House Committee" (1912)), Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0415279836 Taylor, Frederick, Scientific Management (uključuje "Shop Management" (1903), "principima Scientific Management" (1911) i "Svjedočanstvo Prije Special House Committee" (1912)), Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0415279836
* Weisbord, Marvin (2004). Productive Workplaces Revisited (Chapter 2: Scientific Management Revisited: A Tale of Two Taylors; Chapter 3: The Consulting Engineer: Taylor Invents a New Profession.) . ISBN 0-7879-7117-0 . Weisbord, Marvin (2004). Productive radnim Revisited (Poglavlje 2: Scientific Management Revisited: A Tale of Two Taylors, Glava 3: The konsaltant: Taylor Invents novog struke.). ISBN 0-7879-7117-0.
ndje je bila prvo recenica na engleskom pa na bosanskom...evo samo na bosanskom